What Is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimum number of calories your body requires to sustain essential physiological functions at complete rest, breathing, heartbeat, cell repair, temperature regulation, and organ function. BMR accounts for approximately 60–70% of total daily energy expenditure in sedentary individuals and decreases with age as lean muscle mass naturally declines. It also rises substantially during pregnancy to support fetal growth and increased maternal blood volume, a period-specific shift that general BMR formulas do not capture, so pregnant users should instead consult our Pregnancy BMI and Weight Gain Calculator.
The Three BMR Formulas
| Formula | Year | Best For | Error Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mifflin-St Jeor | 1990 | Most non-obese adults | ±10% |
| Harris-Benedict (revised) | 1984 | General population | ±12% |
| Katch-McArdle | 1996 | Athletes with known lean mass | ±5% (when BF% known) |
All three formulas treat body weight as their dominant variable, the same measurement that underlies other clinical calculations such as weight-based medication dosing, which is why an accurate scale reading matters as much as the formula you choose.
Activity Multipliers (Harris-Benedict)
These multipliers approximate weekly exercise volume rather than prescribe it. For baseline guidance on how much movement adults need independent of any BMR calculation, the CDC Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week.
| Level | Multiplier | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sedentary | × 1.2 | Desk job, minimal movement |
| Lightly Active | × 1.375 | Light exercise 1–3 days/week |
| Moderately Active | × 1.55 | Exercise 3–5 days/week |
| Very Active | × 1.725 | Hard exercise 6–7 days/week |
| Extremely Active | × 1.9 | Physical job + daily training |
Macronutrient Distribution
The macronutrient targets shown fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges set by the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements: protein 10–35%, carbohydrates 45–65%, and fat 20–35% of total calories. These are general starting points, individual needs vary significantly by goal, medical condition, and dietary preference.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between BMR and TDEE?
Why does my BMR decrease with age?
How many calories should I eat to lose 1 kg per week?
Is Katch-McArdle more accurate than Mifflin-St Jeor?
Related Tools
Use BMR alongside Caloric Needs Calculator for detailed macronutrient planning, BMI Calculator for weight classification, and Body Fat Percentage for lean mass estimation to use with Katch-McArdle.
References
- Mifflin MD, et al. "A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals." Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(2):241-247.
- Harris JA, Benedict FG. A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism. Carnegie Institution, 1919. (Revised Roza & Shizgal, 1984.)
- Katch V, McArdle W. Nutrition, Weight Control, and Exercise. 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, 1988.
- Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. NAP, 2005.